WO4
WO4 has a DFT band gap of 0.81–1.22 eV across 65 reported structures in 13 space groups; its reference structure is orthorhombic (Pnnm (No. 58)). Cross-validated across 2 computational databases.
At a glance
Key Properties
Cross-validated computational properties for WO4, aggregated across 2 databases.
Band GapEnergy needed to move an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. Lower or zero values tend to behave more metallic; larger gaps are more insulating or semiconducting.
0.81–1.22 eV
Range across DFT structures · ground state: narrow gap
Energy Above HullThermodynamic distance from the most stable set of competing phases. 0 eV/atom is on the convex hull; small positive values may still be experimentally accessible.
0.364 eV/atom
Best (lowest) across sources
StabilityA plain-language summary of the best reported energy-above-hull result. It reflects whether the lowest-energy structure is on, near, or far from the stability hull.
Unstable
2 DFT sources
StructuresCount of reported calculated crystal structures for this formula, including alternate polymorphs, source databases, and observed space groups.
65
2 databases, 13 space groups
Validation
Cross-Source DFT Agreement
How well independent DFT databases agree on the thermodynamics of WO4. Tight agreement means computed properties can be trusted without re-running calculations.
Agreement ScoreA normalized confidence score summarizing how closely independent DFT databases agree. Higher scores mean tighter cross-source agreement.
0.36 / 1.00
Trust tier: low
Hull SpreadDifference between the highest and lowest energy-above-hull values reported by comparable sources. Smaller spread means less thermodynamic disagreement.
0.161 eV
EAH spread across sources
Sources ComparedNumber and names of computational sources with comparable entries for this formula.
2
materials_project, oqmd
Space Group ConsensusWhether independent sources predict the same crystal symmetry for the lowest-energy structure.
—
Crystallography
Reported Structures
Lowest-energy structures reported for WO4, ranked by energy above hull.
| Space GroupSymmetry classification of the crystal arrangement. The number is the international space-group index. | Crystal SystemBroad lattice family, such as cubic, tetragonal, monoclinic, or triclinic, derived from unit-cell symmetry. | Band Gap (eV)Electronic gap calculated for this specific reported structure, measured in electronvolts. | E above hull (eV/atom)Thermodynamic distance from the convex hull for this structure, normalized per atom. Lower is generally more stable. | E/atom (eV)Computed total energy normalized per atom. Use energy above hull, not this value alone, when comparing stability. | Density (g/cm³)Mass per relaxed crystal volume, reported in grams per cubic centimeter. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | — | 1.22 | 0.3640 | -1.593 | — |
| Pnnm (No. 58) | orthorhombic | 0.00 | 0.5246 | -7.778 | 5.04 |
| — | — | 0.81 | 0.6454 | -1.311 | — |
| C2 (No. 5) | monoclinic | — | — | — | 6.37 |
| P1 (No. 1) | triclinic | — | — | — | 8.06 |
| P1 (No. 1) | triclinic | — | — | — | 6.81 |
| P1 (No. 1) | triclinic | — | — | — | 6.75 |
| P1 (No. 1) | triclinic | — | — | — | 6.43 |
| P1 (No. 1) | triclinic | — | — | — | 6.53 |
| Pm (No. 6) | monoclinic | — | — | — | 6.69 |
| P2 (No. 3) | monoclinic | — | — | — | 6.21 |
| P1 (No. 1) | triclinic | — | — | — | 5.88 |
Reference
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about WO4, answered from cross-validated data.
What is the band gap of WO4?
WO4 has a DFT-computed band gap of 0.81–1.22 eV across 65 reported structures. Standard DFT underestimates band gaps, so the measured gap is typically larger.
More questions
Is WO4 a metal, semiconductor, or insulator?
DFT predicts a band gap of up to 1.22 eV (a semiconductor). Measured gaps are typically larger.
Is WO4 thermodynamically stable?
WO4 has a lowest energy above hull of 0.364 eV/atom (unstable).
What is the crystal structure of WO4?
The reference structure of WO4 is orthorhombic symmetry, space group Pnnm (No. 58).
What is the density of WO4?
The computed density of the ground-state structure of WO4 is 5.04 g/cm³.
How many polymorphs of WO4 are known?
65 structures of WO4 are reported across 2 databases, spanning 13 distinct space groups.
What elements does WO4 contain?
WO4 contains O and W (2 elements).
Where does the data for WO4 come from?
WO4 data is cross-referenced from oqmd, materials_project, mpaloe, cod.
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Related Compounds
Other Electrochromic and Refractory-Metal Oxides in the database.
Data sources & attribution
- oqmd — Data from the OQMD (oqmd.org). Cite: Saal et al., JOM 65, 1501 (2013); Kirklin et al., npj Comp. Mater. 1, 15010 (2015). (CC-BY-4.0)
- materials_project — Data from the Materials Project (materialsproject.org). Cite: Jain et al., APL Materials 1, 011002 (2013). (CC-BY-4.0)
- mpaloe — Data from MP-ALOE. Cite: Kuner et al., npj Comput. Mater. (2025), doi:10.1038/s41524-025-01834-9.
- cod — Data from the Crystallography Open Database (crystallography.net/cod/). Cite: Grazulis et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 42, 726 (2009). (CC0-1.0)
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