Bi
Bismuth · Bi
Bismuth is a brittle, heavy post-transition metal known for its distinct iridescent oxide layer and low toxicity compared to neighboring heavy metals. It is widely utilized as a safer alternative to lead in various industrial and consumer applications.
Bi
Overview
Key Properties
Cross-validated computational properties for Bismuth, aggregated across 5 databases.
Band GapEnergy needed to move an electron from the valence band to the conduction band. Lower or zero values tend to behave more metallic; larger gaps are more insulating or semiconducting.
0.07–1.50 eV
Range across DFT structures
Energy Above HullThermodynamic distance from the most stable set of competing phases. 0 eV/atom is on the convex hull; small positive values may still be experimentally accessible.
0.000 eV/atom
Best (lowest) across sources
StabilityA plain-language summary of the best reported energy-above-hull result. It reflects whether the lowest-energy structure is on, near, or far from the stability hull.
On hull (stable)
3 DFT sources
StructuresCount of reported calculated crystal structures for this formula, including alternate polymorphs, source databases, and observed space groups.
79
5 databases, 16 space groups
Validation
Cross-Source DFT Agreement
How well independent DFT databases agree on the thermodynamics of Bi. Tight agreement means computed properties can be trusted without re-running calculations.
Agreement ScoreA normalized confidence score summarizing how closely independent DFT databases agree. Higher scores mean tighter cross-source agreement.
1.00 / 1.00
Trust tier: high
Hull SpreadDifference between the highest and lowest energy-above-hull values reported by comparable sources. Smaller spread means less thermodynamic disagreement.
0.000 eV
EAH spread across sources
Sources ComparedNumber and names of computational sources with comparable entries for this formula.
3
jarvis, materials_project, nomad
Space Group ConsensusWhether independent sources predict the same crystal symmetry for the lowest-energy structure.
All match
Crystallography
Reported Structures
Lowest-energy structures reported for Bi, ranked by energy above hull.
| Space GroupSymmetry classification of the crystal arrangement. The number is the international space-group index. | Crystal SystemBroad lattice family, such as cubic, tetragonal, monoclinic, or triclinic, derived from unit-cell symmetry. | Band Gap (eV)Electronic gap calculated for this specific reported structure, measured in electronvolts. | E above hull (eV/atom)Thermodynamic distance from the convex hull for this structure, normalized per atom. Lower is generally more stable. | E/atom (eV)Computed total energy normalized per atom. Use energy above hull, not this value alone, when comparing stability. | Density (g/cm³)Mass per relaxed crystal volume, reported in grams per cubic centimeter. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R-3m (No. 166) | trigonal | 0.00 | 0.0000 | -58.502 | 9.49 |
| Pm-3m (No. 221) | cubic | 0.00 | 0.0495 | -58.453 | 10.11 |
| C2/m (No. 12) | monoclinic | 0.00 | 0.0503 | -58.452 | 10.20 |
| P21/m (No. 11) | monoclinic | 0.00 | 0.0581 | -58.444 | 9.79 |
| P21/m (No. 11) | monoclinic | 0.00 | 0.0624 | -58.440 | 9.91 |
| C2/m (No. 12) | monoclinic | 0.08 | 0.0720 | -58.430 | 9.97 |
| Cmcm (No. 63) | orthorhombic | 0.07 | 0.0723 | -58.430 | 9.98 |
| I41/amd (No. 141) | tetragonal | 0.00 | 0.0817 | -58.421 | 10.39 |
| P21/m (No. 11) | monoclinic | 0.00 | 0.0859 | -58.416 | 9.90 |
| Fmmm (No. 69) | orthorhombic | 0.00 | 0.0963 | -58.406 | 10.29 |
| Pmma (No. 51) | orthorhombic | 0.00 | 0.0990 | -58.403 | 10.32 |
| Cmce (No. 64) | orthorhombic | 0.00 | 0.1008 | -58.401 | 10.66 |
Uses
Applications
Where Bismuth is used.
PharmaceuticalsCosmeticsLow-melting alloysSoldersPigmentsFire detection systems
Reference
Frequently Asked Questions
Common questions about Bismuth, answered from cross-validated data.
What is Bi?
Bismuth is a brittle, heavy post-transition metal known for its distinct iridescent oxide layer and low toxicity compared to neighboring heavy metals. It is widely utilized as a safer alternative to lead in various industrial and consumer applications.
More questions
What is Bi used for?
Bismuth (Bi) is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, low-melting alloys, solders, and pigments.
What is the band gap of Bi?
Bismuth (Bi) has a DFT-computed band gap of 0.07–1.50 eV across 79 reported structures.
Is Bi a metal, semiconductor, or insulator?
With a band gap up to 1.50 eV it is a semiconductor.
Is Bi thermodynamically stable?
Yes — Bismuth (Bi) sits on the convex hull (energy above hull 0 eV/atom), i.e. on hull (stable).
What is the crystal structure of Bi?
The lowest-energy reported polymorph of Bismuth (Bi) is trigonal symmetry, space group R-3m (No. 166).
What is the density of Bi?
The computed density of the ground-state structure of Bismuth (Bi) is 9.49 g/cm³.
How many polymorphs of Bi are known?
79 structures of Bi are reported across 5 databases, spanning 16 distinct space groups.
What elements does Bi contain?
Bismuth (Bi) contains Bi (1 element).
Where does the data for Bi come from?
Bi data is cross-referenced from materials_project, nomad, cod, mpaloe.
Data sources & attribution
- materials_project — Data from the Materials Project. Cite: Jain et al., APL Materials 1, 011002 (2013).
- nomad — Data from NOMAD. Cite: Draxl & Scheffler, J. Phys. Mater. 2, 036001 (2019).
- cod — Data from the Crystallography Open Database. Cite: Grazulis et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 40, D420 (2012).
- mpaloe — Data from mpaloe.
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